[personal profile] thecarlysutra

I warned you. Thanks, as usual, to [livejournal.com profile] myhappyface's wonderful beta.

Othello in "Becoming II," or How Xander is Iago
Alternate title: Xander sucks, and I've had too much college.

Joss Whedon is a big fan of Bill Shakespeare; I mean, come on, he named one of his protagonists “Cordelia,” and he has a demon named “Illyria.” Plus all the other stuff.

I’m a fan of Shakespeare, too, and I just reread Othello. Othello is mentioned specifically in Buffy (“Earshot”), though the parallel is the third season binary of Buffy and Faith: how Faith, who betrays, and who enjoys doing bad things, is “the darkside of [Buffy herself],” her Iago. And that’s very interesting. But I find myself more interested in how Xander is Buffy’s Iago.

This essay will focus on Xander’s Iagoing of Buffy throughout the series, with special attention paid to the “handkerchief” events of season two’s “Becoming II.”


The Play

Let’s assume that not everyone has studied Othello, and that, among those of us who have, some of us were so busy daydreaming about Buffy that we missed a few things. So that we’re all on the same page, let’s begin with a brief overview of the play.

Othello is one of Shakespeare’s late tragedies. The story is of a Moor (a term which is early modern English for “unspecified dark-skinned guy”), general of the Venetian army, and of how his fledgling marriage is destroyed by a jealous officer, Iago. As the play opens, the Moor, Othello, has just done two things: promoted a new lieutenant, Cassio, and married a (younger, virginal) white woman, Desdemona. Iago is incensed at being passed over for Cassio’s promotion (and at gossip that both Othello and notorious ladies’ man Cassio have been shacking up with his wife); he doesn’t really care that a black man has married Desdemona, but the mixed marriage provides the perfect vehicle to get under Othello’s skin. Over the course of the play, “Honest Iago” sews lies and innuendos that lead Othello to believe irrefutably that his new bride is sleeping with his new lieutenant. Jealousy drives him mad, and he kills Desdemona, and then himself.

Othello is not really about race. Othello is about Othering: the process of distinguishing a minority (the person who is not “Us,” but “Other”) from the majority, usually paired with ranking that “Other” in a hierarchy of race/sex/religion/whatever. In Othello, Othello is both Othered by the Venetians, and by himself.

It is important also to note that Iago is not, until the very end, recognized by any character in the play as a villain. He is constantly called “honest,” and he is a trusted friend and advisor to Othello, Cassio, and several other characters. I’d like to repeat this, because it is what makes Iago’s betrayal so cutting: Othello trusts Iago implicitly. When Iago’s lies are revealed to him, Othello does not believe it, and seeks to discover whether his friend is the devil in disguise, so betrayed is he.

Everyone on the same page? Super. Now let’s talk about the Othello in Buffy.


Othering and Iagoing

Let’s start with Othering, and position our characters. In the play, Othello is an outsider to the community; it is made clear that he is only respected because of his prowess on the battlefield. Both Angel and Buffy, in this way, are put in Othello’s position; Angel is Other because he is a vampire, and Buffy because she is a woman. They are both uniquely gifted tacticians and warriors, and this secures them unusual position within the group. Though Angel’s relationship to Buffy buys him some benefit of the doubt – helping him, as a vampire in a group of demon hunters, not get killed, for example – his key function within the group is as muscle. He’s almost a secondary Buffy (placing him as Buffy’s second-in-command, the Cassio to her Othello); when Buffy is unavailable, the Scoobies have no qualms in turning to Angel to fulfill her role (“Earshot”).

Buffy’s case is more interesting; she is human, and the peer of Xander, Willow, Cordelia, and Oz, but her position within the group is based upon her place and abilities as Slayer. If Buffy were not the Slayer, how would the other members of the group – especially Xander and Giles – treat her? Would they treat her the way they do Cordelia? As it is, Buffy is the group’s leader; were she not the Slayer, would she be straggling at the rear, the butt of the occasional, “ha ha, you dress like a whore” joke?

So Buffy and Angel are Othered, and they will, at turns, play Othello. Angel will sometimes also find himself in Cassio’s place. Buffy and Angel both will also be, from time to time, Desdemona. The reasons for this are a lot less complicated than it seems: if Angel is Othello, and Buffy is his lover, then Buffy becomes Desdemona. Similarly, if Buffy is Othello, and Angel is her lover, then Angel becomes Desdemona. Of course, since Buffy can also be the virgin, and the innocent, and can be seen simply for her sex, and Angel cannot, Buffy will be Desdemona more ably than Angel.

And then there’s Xander. Xander is not Othered; Xander is, when you think about it, kind of the poster boy for the majority. He’s white, he’s male, he’s “normal;” he has no pesky supernatural powers to differentiate him from the pack. Xander Harris is the majority; he is what Buffy and Angel are Othered from.

But being in the majority is not enough to make Xander Iago. He also needs the implicit trust of the group, despite his ulterior, self-serving motives. And he has it; Xander is rarely questioned, and he is even designated as the “Heart” of the group (“Primeval”); he is Honest Xander, pure of thought and deed. Which brings us to how he’s not so honest or pure.

Xander Iagos Buffy. He lies and manipulates in order to get things he wants, things he feels, as the majority, he deserves. What is interesting about Xander’s Iagoing of Buffy is that it is made complicated because it is defined by her Otherness; Xander would not have the same aim were Buffy not a woman. Let’s look at Xander’s motives, and what he wants, the things he will deceive for. Xander is upset that Buffy chose Angel over him; he asked her out and she said no, because “a guy has to be dead” to get with her (“Prophecy Girl”). So Xander’s aim is not only to best Angel/Cassio, who Buffy/Othello chose instead, it is to “win” Buffy; Buffy herself is the prize that Xander hopes to redeem through his deception.


Revelations and Buffy’s Sex Life

In the play, Iago’s first act against Othello is to run to Desdemona’s father, Brabantio, and inform the man that “an old black ram is stupping your white ewe.” Brabantio was previously unaware of the relationship, and he goes apeshit, running off to the Senate to complain. Othello and Desdemona are both eventually brought in to plead their cases at what has essentially become an impromptu trial.

Which brings us away from “Becoming II,” which we haven’t actually gotten to yet, my bad, to “Revelations.” Xander happens upon Angel, recently back from the dead, locking lips with Buffy. What does Xander do? He convenes Giles, Willow, and Cordelia to sit trial on Buffy, an “intervention,” as she calls it. Without consulting her, he has told everyone not only that she has been “harboring a vicious killer” and lying to all of them, but that she and Angel were kissing, which, were his concern really, “Oh my God, that guy that killed a bunch of our friends is back!” should have been toward the bottom of the list of outrages. But Xander not only informs the group of Buffy’s romantic indiscretions, he uses her sexuality against her. “What [were you waiting for]? For Angel to go psycho again the next time you give him a happy?” Poor Buffy is just a woman; she cannot be trusted with her own sexuality. Especially when she does that with it.

As in Othello, the only person who seems to be interested in Buffy/Desdemona’s voice is her partner. In the trial scene in Othello, Desdemona is brought forth before the Senate, but it is Othello who asks the girl to tell her side of the story. Similarly, the only person who seems interested in Buffy’s thoughts and feelings when the subject is love is Angel, and even he doesn’t do that great a job some of the time, making decisions about their relationship for her (“The Prom”). Anytime the topic is broached with anyone else, their reaction is to tell Buffy that “when it comes to Angel, you can’t see straight,” and “we’re here to help you [make the correct decision]” (“Revelations”). Xander is the worst one with this, again and again, from his constant demonization of Angel to his telling Buffy that she is “acting like a crazy person” by “treating Riley like the rebound guy” (“Into the Woods”).

Majority Xander does not act as though Buffy’s sexuality belongs to her. Think of his yay, Angel is leaving forever! fantasy in “Surprise”: Xander gleefully imagines Buffy – who is a “Denny’s waitress by day, Slayer by night,” as though Xander doesn’t gift her with enough intelligence or agency to have an actual career – crying gratefully when rich and powerful Xander – “fly[ing] into town in [his] private jet;” apparently, Xander gives himself all the intelligence and agency he’ll need – sweeps her off her feet, and out of Angel’s arms. Why wouldn’t Buffy be grateful to be rescued from the life she’s made for herself? I mean, a poor woman, being rescued by Majority Man? A dream come true.


Becoming and Joss’s New Ending for Iago

As season two progresses, Buffy and Angel become more and more removed from the group. And they begin, as Othello does toward the end of the play, to Other themselves. Angelus takes pains to distinguish himself from any scrap of humanity. “Your boyfriend is dead” (“Innocence”). Buffy often finds herself separate from her friends, who all have happy, normal lives with happy, normal relationships, and in the end, she chooses her duties as a Slayer over her family, her normal life. During the events of the “Becoming” episodes, the final ties are broken: Buffy is kicked out of her home and her school, thus eliminating her last ties to a “normal,” majority life; Angelus discovers that it is his blood alone that can unleash the supreme evil of Acathla and send the world to hell (“Becoming II”).

Fully Othered, there’s only Iago to contend with.

In “Becoming II,” as Xander leaves to assist Buffy in her storming of Angel’s mansion, Willow tells him to let Buffy know that she and Oz will be attempting to restore Angel’s soul. When Xander arrives, however, he instead tells Buffy that Willow says to, “kick [Angel’s] ass.”

The question of course is, had Buffy known what was going on, would she still have had to kill Angel? Certainly her attitude might have been different; she might have done more toward stalling the release of Acathla, and less toward killing Angelus. There’s no way to know. However, we can guess the answer to a more interesting question: the question of intent. What was Xander’s intent in omitting Willow’s true message, and instead submitting his own agenda? An argument can be made that he was afraid, if Buffy had hope that Angel could be saved, she would immediately become a weak and helpless girl in love instead of the warrior she really needed to be. However. To me it seems much more likely that Xander’s motives are, as usual, purely selfish: Xander does not want Angel to make it out alive. He does not want Buffy and Angel back together; even though he is, at the moment, in a relationship of his own with Cordelia, he is still not happy about the thought of Buffy with another man, especially Angel, his challenger. His Cassio. Iago’s aim in Othello, remember, is not only to rise to Cassio’s rank; in the process, he wants to punish Cassio, who has taken his place, and Othello, who passed him over. And he does both.

Since Buffy is both the goal of Xander’s deception, and the object/originator (read: Othello) of it, Xander’s desire to punish Buffy is at constant odds with his desire to own her, which accounts for Xander’s mercurial moods toward her. At one turn, he is joking and flirting with her; the next, he is puffed up full of righteous indignation, putting the blood of all Angelus’s victims on her hands (“Revelations”) or telling her that he’ll kill her (“When She Was Bad”).

So what is the outcome of Xander/Iago’s deception? As it is in the book: Xander’s lie results in Buffy/Othello killing her lover, and then, in her grief, removing herself from the city. Now in the play, Othello doesn’t hop a Greyhound as Buffy does; he kills himself, too. Perhaps it is Buffy’s survival that changes Xander/Iago’s fate. In the play, Iago is found out (too late, but much sooner than Xander is), and then dragged off to be tortured and, presumably, killed for treason. His last line is a vow to never speak again. But Xander is never punished for his deceptions. Even when his lie is revealed (five seasons later, in “Selfless”), it goes completely unnoticed. Xander is never punished for his deception, and he never gives up his speech, so he is free to continue deceiving. Which begs the question: do the writers of Buffy sympathize with Iago? Do they condone Xander’s manipulation of his friends? Why else would he continue on, uncensored and unpunished, unless Joss was trying to tell us something?

Let’s think about early modern England, Shakespeare’s time, for a minute. During Shakespeare’s time, women were very Other. They were considered to be physiologically and psychologically inferior to men; they couldn’t own property, or have a legal say, without a man. A man who murdered his wife was tried for murder; a woman who murdered her husband was tried for murder and treason, because she had acted against her king and god, and in those days the country was the same as the king was the same as God. What’s the relevance to Xander’s lack of punishment? Perhaps Xander gets away scot-free because he’s the majority. The only crime he committed was against an Other, and that’s only the natural order of things, that the majority should control the world, including the world of the Other, and if they need to get Machiavellian about it, so be it. And, to follow up on the king and god bit, Xander is a character-insertion of the show’s creator, Joss Whedon, who is white, middle-class, and a man. He represents the same majority Xander does. And in this universe, he is God. It’s only fitting that God’s will be done.


I'd love to hear your thoughts.

Date: 2008-07-23 08:08 am (UTC)
From: [identity profile] ba4ever.livejournal.com
Heh I think it bugged the whole damn fandom!

However, you could easily argue that Buffy would have been better equipped to save the world had she been given all significant pieces of information. Maybe she would have gotten to Angel/Acathla before it even opened. We'll never know :( Then again I guess that's what happens when you try to smash 7 seasons of history into a really rushed and convoluted conclusion.

Date: 2008-07-23 08:10 am (UTC)
From: [identity profile] a-white-rain.livejournal.com
It's one of my few big issues with the series.

I liked the conclusion, thought it fit. Don't really think season seven was very good in its execution, but I think the heart of the matter was concluded in a fairly satisfying conclusion. THIS MAKES MY OPINION UNPOPULAR, I KNOW.

Date: 2008-07-23 03:39 pm (UTC)
From: [identity profile] ba4ever.livejournal.com
I don't mind the ending of BTVS. I know when I watched it I felt satisfied, it's more when you I guess think about what it all really means for everyone, I think the idea behind empowering females everyone is a great message, and is sort of the epitome of Buffy. But there are just too many flaws with this particular solution, too many holes. If those can be filled, then yes it is a cool idea.

I preferred it to NFA...ha that's an unpopular opinion.

Date: 2008-07-23 09:03 pm (UTC)
From: [identity profile] a-white-rain.livejournal.com
Oh man I thought NFA was pretty much perfect. Way better than Chosen.

Date: 2008-07-23 10:12 pm (UTC)
From: [identity profile] ba4ever.livejournal.com
I think again...NFA was a total cop out, even moreso than Chosen. I think on a superficial level you kind of get that wow feeling, but I felt less satisfied with his suicide mission. Because when you think about why and what he did what he did it really is all moot. Basically you get Angel who is pissed off and taking numbers, a guy who has in all essence completely gone against everything he's ever stood for. Lost his self, lost his purpose. But he goes in with reckless abandon, not actually have a good plan, killing people innocent people in the process, and basically it's one last big fuck you before he dies, without actually considering the consequences of his actions, if it will really do any good at all...other than massacre the whole city. The more and more I think about it, the more and more I get angry, and I cannot accept this, and I also cannot accept the whole "Joss thinks it's not a cliffie" either. It's more of a slap in the face to me, whereas Chosen probably lacked in the execution department, I think the theme and Buffy's mission still held strong and true. Angel went down on...essentially on a giant hissy fit.

Date: 2008-07-23 10:14 pm (UTC)
From: [identity profile] a-white-rain.livejournal.com
Considering the last episode was a love note to each and every character in that episode, I can hardly see it as a slap in the face. And while I don't think Angel's plan was smart - I think it was IC and spoke a lot of Angel's themes.

Date: 2008-07-23 10:22 pm (UTC)
From: [identity profile] carlyinrome.livejournal.com

While I do agree with you on (a) it's totally a cliffhanger, get over yourself Joss, and (b) the events of NFA being "one last big fuck you before he dies," I can understand Angel's thoughts and motivations enough that I find it in character. Let's be honest: the past two years just beat any last shred of hope he had out of him. He gained and lost and gained and lost a son; he was betrayed by a member of his family; he spent the summer at the bottom of the ocean; his best friend was abducted, then possessed by an evil god, then in a coma, then back just long enough to yell, "Psych!" and die for good; he loses another member of his family; Spike is shacking up with the love of his life, and now is shadowing him, telling him about it; the love of his life and her camp have, seemingly, completely abandoned him; Harmony is his personal assistant.

I can understand how Angel has gotten desperate enough to think that one mighty show of muscle and good intentions will be enough to mean something. Which doesn't mean that it wasn't "a giant hissy fit;" it just means that he was very desperate and disillusioned and made a desperate and disillusioned decision.

Date: 2008-07-24 01:17 am (UTC)
From: [identity profile] ba4ever.livejournal.com
Ok so here's my thing. Do I sympathize with Angel, absolutely, has he gone through more than one person should handle? Of COURSE, no doubt he's been through some hard times (and that's the understatement of the century, I'm aware, but let's just ignore my lack of articulation mkay?). So I'm NOT denying all of that stuff would lead to his downfall. But with our heroic journeys - or what imo makes them heroes (and superior to us all) is their ability to get back up again. They fall, they're ALWAYS going to fall. Hard and fast, but they dig their way out. They scratch and claw, and that's just what they (Buffy, Angel) do because they're heroes. That's what I love about them.

But it's the shear...disregard for other people, the reckless behaviour, I mean innocent people getting killed (by Angel no less) in the process, but he's got his one track mind on the fucking over the Black Thorn-ness that he just can't seem to care. And that bothers me. Does Buffy do the same thing? Yes initially (going back to the Vineyard), she is the general, she has to make the hard decisions and accept that there will be casualties. But what happens to her? She's persecuted for this, yet Angel isn't. They intervene, confront her, punish her and usurp her. They take away her "power" because of it.

Just for me, I'd like to have seen the journey come full circle. For me it didn't, I'm not saying happily ever after, but Angel accepting himself, Angel not giving up and this suicide mission...just felt a lot like, not necessarily giving up (could be construed as that, given that many felt that about The Gift) But giving in. I mean he has ABSOLUTELY no idea what will come of this, this city is going to be massacred, people will die, but as long as Angel gets that fuck you in, he doesn't care. I mean there are W&H's ALL around the world. There's too much he still doesn't know.

just means that he was very desperate and disillusioned and made a desperate and disillusioned decision.

But aye that's the rub. The show (and his character's physical journey here) has it ended on one last ditch, desperate act of reckless abandon?? Sounds a lot like revenge doesn't it? If we've learned anything in this verse, it's that revenge is punishable. It's just not something he should be proud of, and he drags all his best and closest with him, and being the loyal friends they are, will inevitably help him in this...and Spike? Well he just likes the fight. He's died twice already, he can do it again. And all because of that, I find it so much less satisfying? Heroic? I'm not sure but it's left me with more feelings of doubt (and a little bit of frustration) then it should have.

Because apparently Joss says the theme is never stop fighint, ok fine. But it is ending..isn't it? He's going in prepared to die and to bring everyone down with him. He's not exactly changing the world for the better. For all he knows he'll piss the Black Thorn off even more and bring hell on Earth because of it.

Date: 2008-07-24 03:05 am (UTC)
From: [identity profile] myhappyface.livejournal.com
I would say by the end of the series, Angel isn't really the hero, or at least he is not the hero Buffy is, the one for whom sacrifices (like Ben, in "The Gift") must be made to preserve the appearance of virtue and honor. Angel is, at the very most, a tragic hero, one who is destroyed by the flaw of his hubris in thinking that he could change anything at all. If he had involved other people in the planning stages, they might have come up with a better plan. (Then again, maybe not. See: let's release Angelus because he has memories Angel doesn't have! Because that makes sense within the context of the gypsies' curse, which is only the fundament of the goddamned character.)

I think Angel is less likely to react with calm and clear reasoning than anyone, because more than anyone he has seen exactly how much nothing ever changes.

There. Have my .02, even though you didn't ask for it. *g*

Date: 2008-07-24 03:16 am (UTC)
From: [identity profile] ba4ever.livejournal.com
Heh, I hope I NEVER need to ask ;)

Angel isn't really the hero
That makes me sad. Because Angel is (or used to be) forever the martyr. He does the things, makes the hard decisions, but he ALWAYS did it (or at least tried to) for the betterment of others.

LOL, I mean it was Angel himself that stated that the man makes the demon, that they'd carry the same memories and personality and have the ability to mimmick its souled self. (Heh, don't even remind me of that crap, I have tried to wipe it from my brain).

So in essence, maybe that's why it was so disappointing to me. It ended it tragedy, and going against everything he ever stood for.

Yes, but despite that, he also said then what matters is what we do. Kind of reminded me of the "no fruit for Buffy" talk, and that is essentially it. It kind of was like...he did it cuz he wanted it to end. And it never does.

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